AJMB

In Vitro Pre-validation of Gene Editing by CRISPR/Cas9 Ribonucleoprotein

PDF - Export to EndNote - PubMed Central XML format - PubMed Central XML format - PubMed Central XML format
PMID: 31380000 (PubMed) - PMCID: PMC6626505 - View online: PubReader
Volume 11, Issue 3, July-September , Page 259 to 263
Wednesday, April 11, 2018 :Received , Monday, June 11, 2018 :Accepted


  • - Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
  • Corresponding author Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 22432020, +98 21 224o4144 Fax: +98 21 22432021, +98 21 22404145, E-mail: shiraziabbas@yahoo.com
    - Reproductive Biotechnology Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
    - Research Institute of Animal Embryo Technology, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
  • Corresponding author Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran, Tel: +98 21 22432020, +98 21 224o4144 Fax: +98 21 22432021, +98 21 22404145, E-mail: Ma.nazari@avicenna.ac.ir
    - Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran

Abstract:

Background: The CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system is a powerful and simple gene editing method. The format of the CRISPR components is one of the important factors in targeting efficiency. Compared to plasmid or mRNA (IVTs) format, using the CRISPR/Cas9 system as Cas9–crRNA–tracrRNA RNP format is more efficient and rapid, especially in minimizing some of the pitfalls of CRISPR-mediated gene editing. In addition to efficient in vivo applications of the CRISPR RNP format in a variety of cell types and organisms, another advantage of this approach is usability for in vitro applications in which the crRNAs in the tracrRNA–crRNA structure guides the Mg2+-dependent RNAdirected DNA endonuclease to introduce double-strand breaks at specific sites in DNA.
Methods: Here, Cas9–crRNA–tracrRNA RNP system was used to test the designed crRNAs for in vitro DNA cleavage by Cas9 protein in RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes. 
Results: The results of cleavage reveal theCas9–crRNA–tracrRNA RNP system is a rapid and efficient way to pre-validate the efficiency of CRISPR cleavage with crRNAs designed for RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes.
Conclusion: one step in vitro cleavage of DNA by CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex can be used to pre-validate the functionality and relative efficiency of CRISPR system for targeting genes.


 

 

Introduction :

Targeted genome editing through site-specific endonucleases have been developed in recent years. Genome editing technologies based on endonucleases like Zinc Finger Nuclease (ZFN) and Transcription Activator–Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN) have been used for targeted genome modifications 1-3. These proteins are rather complex to design, need to be assembled for each target sequence 4,5 and the process for protein engineering can be complicated and time consuming. 
Recently, the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system associated to the Cas9 endonuclease (CRISPR/Cas9) has been developed as a specific and effective tool for genome engineering. It is inexpensive and easy to carry out 6-8.
CRISPR/Cas9 system consists of a Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes) derived Cas9 nuclease and a RNA duplex made of a CRISPR RNA (crRNA) and a trans-activating crRNA (tracrRNA) 9 that would be replaced by a synthetic single guide RNA (sgRNA) chimera that mimics the crRNA: tracrRNA duplex 10.
This system is based on the base-pairing of the DNA sequence, adjacent to an obligate Protospacer Adjacent Motif (PAM) NGG, with a short complimentary RNA sequence which is then cleaved by the Cas9 protein sequence-specific manner 8,11,12. Double Strand Breaks (DSBs) induced by this system can be repaired in one of the two ways: Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) or Homology-Directed Repair (HDR) and introducing two sgRNAs along with Cas9 may result in deletions 13. 
Cas9 is a large protein with two nuclease domains, RuvC-like domain near the N-terminus and a HNH (His-Asn-His)-like domain is in the middle of the protein. The Cas9 HNH domain cleaves the complementary DNA strand, while the RuvC-like domain cleaves the non-complementary DNA strand 10,14.
The crRNA consists of the 16-22 nucleotides deriving from 3’ end of the repeat sequence and 20 nucleotides complementary to the DNA strand of protospacer (target site), which guides Cas9 to the DNA target 14. The tracrRNA is partially complementary to crRNA and required for crRNA maturation and DNA cleavage by Cas9 9,10,14. For specific DNA cleavage by Cas9 protein, two conditions are required; firstly, a short nucleotide sequence 5′-NGG-3′, called a PAM (Protospacer-adjacent motif) that is located in the vicinity of a protospacer and secondly, binding to the target site (a protospacer) complementary to the crRNA. DNA cleavage in protospacer introduced by the Cas9 protein of S. pyogenes occurs 3 nt away from the PAM sequence 10,14. The RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease from S. pyogenes (Cas9sp) is widely used to introduce in vivo genetic alterations in a variety of cells and organisms including bacteria, yeast, monkeys and human cell lines 15.
CRISPR/Cas9 can be introduced as DNA plasmid, In Vitro Transcriptions (IVTs) or as Ribonucleoprotein (RNP) format in which the recombinant Cas9 protein is assembled in vitro with chemically synthetized sgRNA or crRNA: tracrRNA duplex. Guide RNAs generated by IVT or chemical synthesis for RNP system completely bypass cloning process and allow generation and validation of a CRISPR reagent faster. Also, above formats except RNP can not be applicable in vitro and require to be delivered into cultured cells that involve time-consuming cell culture and transfection steps 16.
CRISPR/Cas9 system as a programmable molecular tool can be widely used for in vitro applications 17,18.
In previous methods, crRNA and tracrRNA have been oftenly used as single guide RNA (sgRNA) that were artificially made by humans in which a linker was added between the two crRNA and tracrRNA pieces to make them one single RNA. Recently, in RNP complex, a group of scientists have designed a new approach to use CRISPR, called the innovative Alt-R CRISPR- Cas9 System that is based on the natural S. pyogenes CRISPR RNA system and utilizes the optimized crRNAs and tracrRNAs that were shortened to 36 and 67 nucleotides, respectively. This system improves the potential of genome editing, saves time by utilizing ready-to-use RNA reagents, and reduces cell toxicity by avoiding activation of cellular innate immune responses (www.idtdna.com/CRISPR-Cas9). 
RNPs are the most rapid, transient, convenient and efficient format of using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing 19. Also, by using this method, researchers could be able to minimize some of the pitfalls of CRISPR-mediated gene editing such as mosaicism and off-target effects 20-22. 
Cas9 RNP complex is not limited by the amount and rate of Cas9 translation, and pre-loaded sgRNAs are likely to be protected from degradation 22. In addition to efficient in vivo applications of CRISPR RNP, this method can be applicable for the in vitro applications unlike the former plasmid-based approach and IVT method. Therefore, to pre-validate CRISPR/Cas9 RNP complex for genome editing in various organisms, there is no need to test the system first in respective cell lines and only an in vitro cleavage assay is enough for this purpose.
As the plasmid-based approach for CRISPR-mediated genome editing of RAG1 and RAG2 genes in the mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (mESCs) and mouse zygote was used in our previous work, first, an attempt was made to test the system in the NIH3T3 cell lines (Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells). This process is time-consuming and requires preparation of steps such as cell culture, transfection, selection, DNA isolation, PCR and T7 endonuclease1 assay for the cleavage analysis.
In order to test the functionality and relative efficiency of CRISPR RNP system, in vitro cleavage of DNA was carried out in one step by CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex. 
The crRNAs that show activity were selected for CRISPR-mediated gene targeting of the mouse ESCs and zygote. Obligatory components of Cas9 RNP system were provided to cleave specific target sites of RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes that are involved in immune system functions. The components included the Mg2+-dependent RNA-directed DNA endonuclease (Recombinant Cas9 protein), crRNA with a specific sequence complementary to the protospacer, tracrRNA, the fragment of each gene with a specific protospacer sequence and a PAM (Figure 1).

 

Materials and Methods :

Target selection: The 20-nt target sites that are complementary to the 5′ end of the crRNA on each gene were selected using online CRISPR RGEN Tools program (https://www. rgenome.net) based on specificity rules, including uniqueness of the selected sites throughout the genome, 5′-G-N19-NGG-3' matching and selection of target sequences in coding region nearby gene promoter, because target sites near the 5′ end of Coding DNA Sequence (CDS) are more efficient as they produce early frame shifts and stop codons 23.
In vitro assembly of a Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex: To assemble CRISPR RNP complex, duplex RNA (crRNA: tracrRNA) was prepared by annealing crRNA to tracrRNA. For annealing, 5 μg of crRNA (5 μl of 1 μg/μl) and 10 μg of tracrRNA (10 μl of 1 μg/μl) for each gene were mixed and annealed in a thermocycler by heating to 95°C for 5 min and cooling to 25°C. To form RNP complex, an incubation step is required either before in vitro cleavage assay or during incubation time of cleavage assay. In this experiment, RNP complexes were formed in one step as described in the following section. But for the experiments of CRISPR-mediated gene targeting in cell lines or zygote, the RNP complex was first formed in vitro and then delivered into cells.
DNA cleavage by in vitro assembled Cas9 RNP complex: The DNA cleavage activity was assayed on PCR products of RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes that had been amplified by a pair of PCR primers for each gene (Table 1) and containing target site and PAM sequences. As mentioned, RNP complexes were formed during cleavage reaction by mixing crRNA: tracrRNA with Alt-R S. pyogenes Cas9 Nuclease 3NLS activated in 10X Cas9 nuclease reaction buffer (Nacl 1 M, MgCl2 0.1 M, tris-HCL 0.5 M, BSA 1 mg/ml, pH= 7.9). All components were ordered from Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT).
The cleavage reaction (30 µl) was performed by mixing the following components: 1 µl duplex RNA (1 μg/μl), 3 µl 10X Cas9 nuclease reaction buffer, 3 µl Cas9 enzyme (200 ng/µl), ddH2O (To final volume 29 µl) and 1 µl respective PCR product for each gene (100 nM). Then, the mixtures were incubated at 37°C for 2 hr. The reactions without adding duplex RNA were considered negative controls for each duplex RNA. After incubation, 1 μl Proteinase K (20 mg/ml) was added to the reaction and then the mixture incubated at 65°C for 10 min to release the DNA from the Cas9 endonuclease. When both crRNAs were active on RAG2 and IL2RG genes, to test the activity of both crRNAs, the corresponding reaction was performed.
The products of each reaction were assessed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel. The results of cleaving RAG1 and RAG2 genes were compared to the results of our previous work when plasmid-based CRISPR-mediated gene targeting was used.

 

Results :

crRNA selection: Target sequences that are complementary to the 5′ end of the crRNAs were designed based on rules mentioned in materials and methods. Finally, target sequences in coding regions of RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes were selected so that one sequence was targeted in RAG1 gene and two sequences were targeted in each of RAG2 and IL2RG genes. According to target selection, the crRNAs were ordered from IDT (www.idtdna.com/CRISPR-Cas9) in their proprietary Alt-R format (Table 2).
Targeted cleavage of RAG1, RAG2, IL2RG genes in vitro: The in vitro digestion of three genes was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis. The results show that crRNA RAG1, crRNA RAG2-1 and crRNA RAG2-2 are active and crRNA-guided Cas9 specifically cleaves target DNA sequences of RAG1 and RAG2 gene fragments. Only one crRNA IL2RG (IL2RG-1) had activity, thus crRNA IL2RG-2 was not appropriate to use for CRISPR gene targeting of mouse genome (Figure 2A). The results of in vitro digestion of RAG1 and RAG2 gene fragments by Cas9 guided by crRNA RAG1, crRNA RAG2-1 and crRNA RAG2-2 were consistent with the results of plasmid-based CRISPR gene targeting of NIH3T3 cells for RAG1 and RAG2 sgRNA in our previous work (submitted to AJMB). But compared to the plasmid-based method, it can be used very simply and quickly, so that the approximate duration of the plasmid method lasts about two weeks, while in this method the whole procedure can be done in one day.

 

Discussion :

Therefore, in vitro digestion of targeted genes by CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in RNP format can be a simple and rapid method for pre-validation of CRISPR/Cas9 system before using in the cell types and organisms without the need to deliver CRISPR components into cells.  But the point that may not be a drawback for RNP complex is that the shelf life of the chemically synthetic crRNA and tracrRNA in the best condition is 6 months and after this time CRISPR components do not work efficiently; likewise, this system was used after 6 months and the results showed the system did not work efficiently (Figure 2B).

 

Conclusion :

In conclusion, one step in vitro cleavage of DNA by CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complex can be used to pre-validate the functionality and relative efficiency of CRISPR system for targeting RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG mouse genes. Although the shelf life of the RNP components is limited but to test the validation of CRISPR/Cas9 system, plasmid-based approach compared to the RNP system is much more time consuming and laborious.

 

Acknowledgement :

This research project has been supported by the Iran national science foundation in project No. 93006173 and the Avicenna Research Institute. 

 



<p>Figure 1. Alt-RcrRNA: <em>tracrRNACas9 RNP gene</em> targeting.</p>

Figure 1. Alt-RcrRNA: tracrRNACas9 RNP gene targeting.


<p>Figure 2. <em>In vitro</em> DNA cleavage using Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs (CRISPR RNP). A) Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs for targeting <em>RAG1</em>, <em>RAG2</em> and <em>IL2RG </em>genes. Left: incubation at 37<em>&deg;C</em> after 1 <em>hr</em>. Lane1, 2: first bands are the Rag2 uncut PCR products, second and third bands are cleaved fragments represented by white arrows. Lane 3, 4: first bands are the IL2RG uncut PCR products, second and third bands are cleaved fragments represented by white arrows. Lane 5: first band is the Rag1 uncut PCR product, second band is one of the cleaved fragments, another cleaved fragment of Rag1 disappeared on agarose gel electrophoresis but after 2 <em>hr</em>, a faint band was found. Lane 6: Rag1 PCR product as a DNA control. Right: incubation at 37<em>&deg;C</em> after 2 <em>hr</em>. The lanes are in the same order just after 2 <em>hr</em>. B) Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs for targeting <em>RAG2 </em>genes after 6 months of shelf life. Very faint bands show inefficient targeting by Rag2 crRNAs. In all agarose gel pictures, bands resolution is not brilliant due to low quality of GelRed.</p>

Figure 2. In vitro DNA cleavage using Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs (CRISPR RNP). A) Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs for targeting RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes. Left: incubation at 37°C after 1 hr. Lane1, 2: first bands are the Rag2 uncut PCR products, second and third bands are cleaved fragments represented by white arrows. Lane 3, 4: first bands are the IL2RG uncut PCR products, second and third bands are cleaved fragments represented by white arrows. Lane 5: first band is the Rag1 uncut PCR product, second band is one of the cleaved fragments, another cleaved fragment of Rag1 disappeared on agarose gel electrophoresis but after 2 hr, a faint band was found. Lane 6: Rag1 PCR product as a DNA control. Right: incubation at 37°C after 2 hr. The lanes are in the same order just after 2 hr. B) Cas9 nuclease and crRNAs for targeting RAG2 genes after 6 months of shelf life. Very faint bands show inefficient targeting by Rag2 crRNAs. In all agarose gel pictures, bands resolution is not brilliant due to low quality of GelRed.


<p>Table 1. Primers used to amplify fragments of<em> RAG</em>1, <em>RAG2</em> and <em>IL2RG </em>genes</p>

Table 1. Primers used to amplify fragments of RAG1, RAG2 and IL2RG genes


<p>Table 2. crRNA sequences</p>

Table 2. crRNA sequences


References :
  1. Zhang F, Maeder ML, Unger-Wallace E, Hoshaw JP, Reyon D, Christian M, et al. High frequency targeted mutagenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana using zinc finger nucleases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2010;107(26):12028-12033.   [PubMed]
  2. Zhang F, Cong L, Lodato S, Kosuri S, Church GM, Arlotta P. Efficient construction of sequence-specific TAL effectors for modulating mammalian transcription. Nat Biotechnol 2011;29(2):149-153.
  3. Briggs AW, Rios X, Chari R, Yang L, Zhang F, Mali P, et al. Iterative capped assembly: rapid and scalable synthesis of repeat-module DNA such as TAL effectors from individual monomers. Nucleic Acids Res 2012;40 (15):e117-e117.   [PubMed]
  4. Carroll D, Morton JJ, Beumer KJ, Segal DJ. Design, construction and in vitro testing of zinc finger nucleases. Nat Protoc 2006;1(3):1329-1341.   [PubMed]
  5. Sanjana NE, Cong L, Zhou Y, Cunniff MM, Feng G, Zhang F. A transcription activator-like effector toolbox for genome engineering. Nature Protocols 2012;7(1):171.
  6. Pennisi E. The CRISPR craze. Science 2013;341(6148):833-836.   [PubMed]
  7. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, et al. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013;339(6121):819-823.   [PubMed]
  8. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, DiCarlo JE, et al. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science 2013;339(6121):823-826.   [PubMed]
  9. Deltcheva E, Chylinski K, Sharma CM, Gonzales K, Chao Y, Pirzada ZA, et al. CRISPR RNA maturation by trans-encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III. Nature 2011;471(7340):602-607.   [PubMed]
  10. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA–guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science 2012;337(6096):816-821.   [PubMed]
  11. Baker M. Gene editing at CRISPR speed. Nat Biotechnol 2014;32(4):309-312.   [PubMed]
  12. Jore MM, Lundgren M, van Duijn E, Bultema JB, Westra ER, Waghmare SP, et al. Structural basis for CRISPR RNA-guided DNA recognition by Cascade. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2011;18(5):529-536.   [PubMed]
  13. Lin S, Staahl BT, Alla RK, Doudna JA. Enhanced homology-directed human genome engineering by controlled timing of CRISPR/Cas9 delivery. Elife 2014;3:e04766.   [PubMed]
  14. Gasiunas G, Barrangou R, Horvath P, Siksnys V. Cas9–crRNA ribonucleoprotein complex mediates specific DNA cleavage for adaptive immunity in bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2012;109(39):E2579-E2586.   [PubMed]
  15. Marraffini LA. The CRISPR-Cas system of Streptoco-ccus pyogenes: function and applications. 2016 Apr 7. In: Ferretti JJ, Stevens DL, Fischetti VA, editors. Streptococcus pyogenes: Basic Biology to Clinical Mani-festations [Internet]. Oklahoma City (OK): University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; 2016. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK355562.
  16. Kouranova E, Forbes K, Zhao G, Warren J, Bartels A, Wu Y, et al. CRISPRs for optimal targeting: Delivery of CRISPR components as DNA, RNA, and protein into cultured cells and single-cell embryos. Human Gene Ther 2016;27(6):464-475.   [PubMed]
  17. Karvelis T, Gasiunas G, Siksnys V. Programmable DNA cleavage in vitro by Cas9. Biochem Soc Trans 2013;41 (6):1401-1406.   [PubMed]
  18. Liu Y, Tao W, Wen S, Li Z, Yang A, Deng Z, et al. In vitro CRISPR/Cas9 system for efficient targeted DNA editing. MBio 2015;6(6):e01714-01715.   [PubMed]
  19. Hendel A, Bak RO, Clark JT, Kennedy AB, Ryan DE, Roy S, et al. Chemically modified guide RNAs enhance CRISPR-Cas genome editing in human primary cells. Nat Biotechnol 2015;33(9):985-989.
  20. Sung YH, Kim JM, Kim HT, Lee J, Jeon J, Jin Y, et al. Highly efficient gene knockout in mice and zebrafish with RNA-guided endonucleases. Genome Res 2014;24 (1):125-131.   [PubMed]
  21. Aida T, Chiyo K, Usami T, Ishikubo H, Imahashi R, Wada Y, et al. Cloning-free CRISPR/Cas system facilitates functional cassette knock-in in mice. Genome Biol 2015;16(1):87.   [PubMed]
  22. Burger A, Lindsay H, Felker A, Hess C, Anders C, Chiavacci E, et al. Maximizing mutagenesis with solubilized CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes. Development 2016;143(11):2025-2037.   [PubMed]
  23. Graham DB, Root DE. Resources for the design of CRISPR gene editing experiments. Genome Biol 2015;16(1):260.